Pain myths: An interesting set of experiments, though it hit a little close to home, since I'm in pretty severe pain lately thanks to sinus inflammation compressing a nerve.
I'd heard both the "X can tolerate more pain than Y" myths before, although I think what I read about redheads is that they're more sensitive to pain, not that they can't endure it as long. So they may have tested the wrong thing. The pain expert said that a couple of the tests, the capsaicin and electrical tests, I think, were for measuring sensitivity to pain, so maybe they should've tried those on the gingers vs. a control group of blondes and brunettes.
Okay,
here we go:
A growing body of research shows that people with red hair need larger doses of anesthesia and often are resistant to local pain blockers like Novocaine....
Researchers believe redheads are more sensitive to pain because of a mutation in a gene that affects hair color. In people with brown, black and blond hair, the gene, for the melanocortin-1 receptor, produces melanin. But a mutation in the MC1R gene results in the production of a substance called pheomelanin that results in red hair and fair skin.
The MC1R gene belongs to a family of receptors that include pain receptors in the brain, and as a result, a mutation in the gene appears to influence the body’s sensitivity to pain. A 2004 study showed that redheads require, on average, about 20 percent more general anesthesia than people with dark hair or blond coloring. And in 2005, researchers found that redheads are more resistant to the effects of local anesthesia, such as the numbing drugs used by dentists.
So they definitely tested the wrong myth. It's not about endurance. True, one might think that being more sensitive to pain might reduce one's endurance; but, being pretty pain-sensitive myself, I've often thought that you get used to it after a while and thus learn to endure it longer. (I'm certainly finding that true of the nerve pain I've been in for the past few days. It's still quite unpleasant, but I've learned to roll with it and just keep doing what I'm doing. Still, I'm going to the doctor about it tomorrow.)
I wonder why they didn't use Kari for the redhead myth. Is her hair color not natural? (I'm refraining from the obvious wisecrack out of respect.)
The swearing result was interesting, and I liked Adam's "swear guard" gizmo, and his reason for it wasn't something that would've occurred to me.
...I'm dubious on the "cussing" thing as I fail to see how saying a "curse word" over a "normal word" would matter. I would think just venting one's anger in one way or another, no matter what they say, would be enough.
Apparently it isn't. There's something special psychologically about curse words. They engage different parts of the brain than normal vocabulary.
To wit:
Steven Pinker, the language guru, cognitive scientist and bestselling author,... considers that words’ literal meanings (denotations) may be concentrated in the thinking part of the brain, the neocortex, especially in the left hemisphere. But their connotations are not just in the thinking area but linked to the amygdala, a primitive area of the brain that helps to give memories emotion. In scans of brain activity, the amygdala lights up when a person sees an angry face, or hears an unpleasant word such as a taboo swear word. These evoke emotional responses and even reading one causes the brain to do an involuntary boggle and pay attention. This is exploited by brands such as FCUK. And every time you use a swear word, you are, in effect, landing an emotional punch on the person who hears it.
...
Pinker tells me that the emotional flavour of words seems to be acquired in childhood, that’s why bilingual people swear best in their mother tongue. People with aphasia, which involves the loss of articulate speech, can still swear fluently. This suggests that swear words are stored as memorised chunks in the right side of the brain, which is more involved in emotion and which also stores other memorised chunks such as prayers.
The specific bits of the brain that have this task are the basal ganglia. Pinker cites the case of a man with damage to these, caused by a tumour, who was still able to speak fluently but not able to swear or to say prayers.
So yes, the expression of anger is cathartic, but it does make a difference which words you use to express it. Swear words are more directly associated with intense emotion, neurologically and contextually. So they're a more effective trigger for the release of that emotion than neutral words would be.
At the very least, consider that in the control tests, the subjects must surely have
wanted to curse (as Tory illustrated), but were holding themselves back. That inhibition would've made it harder to release their stress.
Propane tank rocket: A variation on myths they've done before, but it's interesting to see the difference made by the type of tank used. I suspect the rounder shape of the tank may have made it harder to concentrate the forces in a vertical direction and made it more likely to burst in all directions. Also, apparently the design of the valve doesn't let them just guillotine it off like Adam and Jamie did with the compressed air tank, or else I figure they would've tried that.
Grant's idea about using a mostly empty tank was a good one, and it got them the results they were looking for, mostly. And the explosions looked pretty interesting in slow motion. Speaking of which, cute touch with the action-movie slow motion and speed ramping with the gang running away from the burning shed. But why did they do it that way? Why not rig some kind of remote ignition system they could set off from the bunker?
I also want to say that being so strict the height of the tank is probably being a bit too precise to things. Whomever originated the story didn't have scales or other equipment around him to determine the height and could've just pulled a number out of the air. That the tank got 80 or so feet in the air should've been enough to say that someone might say "Hey! It got to 100 feet!"
There might've been some nearby landmark -- a tall building, a tree -- that let them estimate the height. And it's pretty easy to tell the difference between 60 feet and 150, which is 2.5 times greater. That means it's unlikely that someone who saw a tank go 60 feet up would call it 150 feet, unless they were terrible at eyeball estimates.
On the other hand, the tank certainly flew pretty far sideways. If, by some fluke, it had stayed vertical longer, maybe it could've made it. They did give this one a "Plausible" finding, after all.