Well, Trek has already covered quite a few of those. Black holes do wander in and out of Sol (and so do things that potentially might have been "called" black holes back in the 1970s), say. Indeed, "Tomorrow is Yesterday" already featured a black traffic hazard right next to Earth.
On the other hand, while Starfleet certainly has better things to do with its starships than keeping them idled at home port, the inability to intercept stuff coming from the direction of the Klingon Empire is extra distressing!
The interesting bit in the list of 14 is the rumination on passage of time. Not all of it is on the mark: there is no contradiction between the ship at first being 20 hours away from V'Ger, and then after the repairs being right next to it, because we never learn how far the ship was from VGer before the repairs - that is, we don't know what the wormhole actually did to the ship. From the outcome, we can assume it actually helped out a lot! (Not so much as to fling the heroes past Vulcan, obviously, or Spock wouldn't have met them, but later on we learn the ship might take as long as four days to go from Earth to Vulcan, so nothing wrong with that one!)
The valid complaint is the one about the 16 hours between "The cloud is 20 hours from Earth and we are right outside it" and "The cloud is four hours from Earth and we're stuck inside". Nothing much happens in the movie between those comments. Except, just perhaps, V'Ger accelerating...?
Timo Saloniemi